Summary
- Alpha GST (αGST), Pi GST (πGST) are localised to distinct parts of the nephron.
- By the assay of a panel of biomarkers, injury to different parts of the nephron can be studied independently and simultaneously.
- Urinary GSTs change in advance of changes in serum creatinine.
Selected articles
Renal distribution of biomarkers
1) Distribution of glutathione S-transferase isoenzymes in human kidney: basis for possible markers of renal injury.
Harrison, D.J., Kharbanda, R., Cunningham, D.S., McLellan, L.I. and Hayes JD. (1989). J. Clin. Pathol. 42(6) 624-8.
- αGST is found in the proximal tubules
- πGST is found in the distal tubules
GSTs in nephrotoxicity
Amphoptericin B
1) Assessment of effective renal plasma flow, enzymuria, and cytokine release in healthy volunteers receiving a single dose of Amphotericin B desoxycholate.
Pai, M.P., Norenberg, J.P., Telepak, R.A., Sidney, D.S. and Yang, S. (2005). Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 49(9) 3784-3788.
- Amphotericin B toxicity was studied in 12 healthy individuals.
- GSTs could demonstrate the increased sensitivity of males to Amphotericin.
- Both proximal and distal tubular effects could be seen.
Sevoflurane / Compound A
1) Dose of compound A, not Sevoflurane®, determines changes in the biochemical markers of renal injury in healthy volunteers.
Goldberg, M.E. et al. (1999). Anesthesia and Analgesia 88 437-445.
- 14 healthy volunteers exposed to Sevoflurane anesthesia.
- αGST release correlated closely with exposure to Compound A.
Cyclosporin
1) Urinary glutathione transferase as an early marker of renal impairment in psoriasis patients treated with Cyclosporin A (CsA).
Kirby, K.B. et al. (1997). Paper presented at the XIVth International Congress of Nephrology, 25-29 May 1997, Sydney, Australia.
- 22 patients followed for 6 months.
- Urinary αGST rose six weeks in advance of changes in serum creatinine.
2) Decreased nephrotoxicity after the use of a microemulsion preparation of cyclosporin A compared to a conventional solution.
Ahlmén, J., Sundberg, A, Gustavsson, A and Strömbom, U. (1995). Transplantation Proceedings, 27(6) 3432-3437.
- Cyclosporin toxicity studied in 27 patients.
- αGST release could indicate the relative toxicities of different forms of cyclosporin.
Contrast media
1) Renal effects of N-acetylcysteine in patients at risk for contrast nephropathy: decrease in oxidant stress-mediated renal tubular injury.
Drager, L.F., Andrade, L., Barros de Toledo, J.F., Laurindo, F.R., Machado César, L.A. and Seguro, A.C. (2004).
Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 19(7) 1803-7.
- 24 subjects studied.
- Administration of N-Acetylcysteine lead to decreased αGST release.
2) A prospective study of urinary ligandin in patients at risk of renal tubular injury.
Sherman, R.A. et al. (1985). Uremia Investigation 8 111-115.
- 6 subjects exposed to varying doses of contrast media.
- Higher doses of contrast media lead to αGST release.
- Kinetics of renal effects could be followed.
