Summary
- TAP levels in body fluids correlate with the extent of pancreatic injury.
- Severe pancreatitis is associated with elevated urinary TAP.
- A low urinary TAP levels almost excludes severe acute pancreatic injury.
- TAP can be used to study the effects of drugs and other therapeutic actions on pancreatitis.
- The Argutus Medical TAP antibody is particularly discrimatory to detect acute pancreatitis.
- TAP is found in most mammalian species.
Selected Articles
Clinical
Summary
- Severe pancreatitis is associated with elevated urinary TAP.
- A low urinary TAP levels almost excludes severe acute pancreatic injury.
1) Characterization of immunoreactive trypsinogen activation peptide in urine in acute pancreatitis
Petersson, P. and Borgström, A. (2006). Journal of the Pancreas. 7(3) 274-82.
- Urinary TAP during acute pancreatitis contains the C terminal pentapeptide; D4K.
- This is detected by the Argutus Medical TAP antibody.
2) Early prediction of severe acute pancreatitis by urinary trypsinogen activation peptide.
Liu, Z.S., Jiang, C.Q., Qian, Q., Sun, Q., Fan, L.F. and Ai, Z.L. (2002). Hepatobiliary Pancreat. Dis. Int. 1(2) 285-9.
- 12 patients with with severe pancreatitis, 29 with mild disease, 11 controls.
- Elevated urinary TAP during the first 48 hours indicated severe acute pancreatitis with a sensitivity of 91.7% and a specificity of 89.7%.
- Urinary TAP was better than APACHE II score at predicting severity of pancreatis.
3) Early prediction of severity in acute pancreatitis by urinary trypsinogen activation peptide: a multicentre study.
Neoptolemos, J.P., Kemppainen, E.A., Mayer, J.M., Fitzpatrick, J.M., Raraty, M.G., Slavin, J., Beger, H.G., Hietaranta, A.J. and Puolakkainen, P.A. 2000). Lancet. 355(9219) 1955-60.
- 246 subjects studied, 172 with pancreatitis of which 35 had severe disease.
- Urinary TAP had a negative predictive vaue of about 90% and an accuracy of about 70% for severe acute pancreatitis for samples taken 24 hours after onset.
- “This single marker of severity in acute pancreatitis deserves routine clinical application.”
4) Urinary Trypsinogen Activation Peptide (TAP) predicts severity in patients with acute pancreatitis. Tenner, S., Fernandez-del Castillo., C, Warshaw, A., Steinberg, W., Hermon-Taylor, J., Valenzuela, J.E., Hariri, M., Hughes, M. and Banks, P.A. (1997). Int. J. Pancreatol. 21(2) 105-10.
- Urinary TAP in 139 patients with acute pancreatitis was compared to the 50 control patients.
- A urinary TAP of <10nM obtained within 48 hours of the onset of symptoms had a predictive value of 100% for mild acute pancreatitis.
5) Trypsinogen activation peptides (TAP) concentrations in the peritoneal fluid of patients with acute pancreatitis and their relation to the presence of histologically confirmed pancreatic necrosis.
Heath, D.I,, Wilson, C., Gudgeon, A.M., Jehanli, A., Shenkin, A. and Imrie, C.W. (1994). Gut. 35(9) 1311-5.
- 22 subjects with acute pancreatitis.
- An elevated peritoneal TAP content detected histologically confirmed pancreatitis with a sensitivity of 89% sensitive and a specificity of 85%.
Preclinical
Summary
- TAP levels correlate with extent of pancreatic injury.
- TAP levels correlate with the animal’s survival.
- TAP changes before histological injury is evident.
1) Evolution of trypsinogen activation peptides.
Chen, J.M., Kukor, Z., Le Maréchal, C., Tóth, M., Tsakiris, L., Raguénès, O., Férec, C. and Sahin-Tóth, M. (2003).
Mol. Biol. Evol. 20(11) 1767-7.
- TAP peptides are conserved within tetrapods.
2) Assessing the severity of canine pancreatitis.
Mansfield, C.S., Jones, B.R. and Spillman, T. (2003). Res. Vet. Sci. 74(2) 137-44.
- 22 dogs with pancreatitis studied.
- The urinary TAP/creatinine ratio was the best indicator of pancreatitis in dogs.
3) Trypsinogen activation peptides (TAP) in peritoneal fluid as predictors of late histopathologic injury in necrotizing pancreatitis of the rat.
Schmidt, J., Ryschich, E., Sinn, H.P., Maksan, S., Herfarth, C. and Klar, E. (1999). Dig. Dis. Sci. 44(4) 823-9.
- Peritoneal TAP levels correlated with the extent of pancreatic necrosis 4 and 12 weeks later.
4) Benefits of various dextrans after delayed therapy in necrotizing pancreatitis of the rat.
Schmidt, J., Huch, K., Mithöfer, K., Hotz, H.G., Sinn, H.P., Buhr, H.J., Warshaw, A.L., Herfarth, C. and Klar, E. (1996).
Intensive Care Med. 22(11) 1207-13.
- 70 rats studied.
- Dextrans reduced TAP levels in ascites.
5) Ligation-induced acute pancreatitis increases pancreatic circulating trypsinogen activation peptides.
Merriam, L.T., Wilcockson, D., Samuel, I. and Joehl, R.J. (1996). J. Surg. Res. 60(2) 417-21.
- TAP rose more than 24 hours before histological injury was evident.
6) Generation and possible significance of trypsinogen activation peptides in experimental acute pancreatitis in the rat.
Fernández-del Castillo, C., Schmidt, J., Rattner, D.W., Lewandrowski, K., Compton, C.C., Jehanli, A., Patel, G., Hermon-Taylor, J., Warshaw, A.L. (1992). Pancreas. 7(3) 263-70.
- TAP levels in plasma, urine and ascitic fluid predicted survival.
- TAP in ascitic fluid correlated with extent of pancreatic necrosis.
In-vitro
Elevated calcium and activation of trypsinogen in rat pancreatic acini.
Frick, T.W., Fernández-del Castillo, C., Bimmler, D. and Warshaw, A.L. (1997).
Gut. 41(3) 339-43.
- Following activation by cerulein, pancreatic acini released TAP in a dose response fashion when exposed to calcium.